术语词典Glossary

表示水溶液酸碱性强度的指标，定义为氢离子活度的负对数。25℃ 时中性为 7.0，小于 7 为酸性，大于 7 为碱性。pH 读数受温度影响，在线测量需配套温度补偿。An index of how acidic or alkaline a solution is, defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion activity. At 25 C a value of 7.0 is neutral, below 7 acidic and above 7 alkaline. The reading is temperature dependent, so online measurement needs temperature compensation.

反映水溶液氧化性或还原性相对强弱的指标，数值越高氧化性越强。常用于加氯消毒控制、脱氮反应终点判断与工艺过程监控。An index of the relative oxidising or reducing strength of a solution; a higher value means stronger oxidising power. Commonly used for chlorination control, endpoint detection in denitrification and general process monitoring.

反映溶液传导电流能力的指标，间接反映水中离子总浓度。纯水电导率极低，含盐量越高电导率越高。测量受温度影响明显，需温度补偿。An index of a solution's ability to conduct current, indirectly reflecting total ion concentration. Pure water has very low conductivity; higher salinity means higher conductivity. It is strongly temperature dependent and needs compensation.

电导率的倒数，表示材料阻碍电流通过的能力。纯水与超纯水系统常用此指标，25℃ 时理论纯水的电阻率约为 18.2 MΩ·cm。The reciprocal of conductivity, expressing resistance to current flow. Used mainly for pure and ultrapure water; theoretical pure water at 25 C has a resistivity of about 18.2 MΩ·cm.

水中溶解性固体物质的总量。通常由电导率换算得到，换算系数随水质成分不同而变化（常见经验范围约 0.5 至 0.7）。The total amount of dissolved solids in water, usually derived from conductivity. The conversion factor varies with water composition (a common rule of thumb is about 0.5 to 0.7).

表示水中溶解盐类含量的指标，常见于海水、苦咸水与工业含盐水测量。与电导率相关，测量时需温度补偿。An index of dissolved salt content, used for seawater, brackish water and industrial saline water. It correlates with conductivity and needs temperature compensation.

水中分子态氧的浓度，是好氧生化处理与水体自净能力的关键指标。曝气池常按工艺要求控制在特定区间（常见经验值约 2 mg/L，具体以工艺设计为准）。The concentration of molecular oxygen in water, a key indicator for aerobic biological treatment and self-purification capacity. Aeration tanks are held within a process-specific band (commonly around 2 mg/L as a rule of thumb, subject to the process design).

反映水样对光散射程度的指标，属光学指标而非重量指标。是饮用水与污水出水的重要感官与合规指标，低浊测量对光学窗口洁净度要求高。An index of how strongly a sample scatters light - an optical rather than gravimetric indicator. It is an important sensory and compliance parameter for drinking water and treated effluent, and low-turbidity measurement demands a very clean optical window.

水中不能通过特定滤膜的固体物质，用重量法测定。与浊度存在相关性，但换算关系因水质而异，需现场比对。Solid matter in water that does not pass a specified filter, determined gravimetrically. It correlates with turbidity, but the conversion depends on water quality and must be established on site.

在一定条件下用强氧化剂氧化水中有机物所消耗的氧量，是反映有机污染程度的综合指标。在线测量主要有重铬酸钾消解比色法与 UV 法两条路线。The amount of oxidant consumed when organic matter is oxidised under defined conditions; a composite indicator of organic pollution. Online measurement mainly follows either potassium dichromate digestion colorimetry or the UV method.

微生物分解水中有机物所消耗的溶解氧量，常用五日生化需氧量 BOD5。反映可生物降解有机物含量，测定周期长，通常不作为在线实时指标。The dissolved oxygen consumed by microorganisms decomposing organic matter, commonly measured as five-day BOD (BOD5). It reflects biodegradable organic content, takes days to determine and is rarely an online real-time parameter.

以游离氨与铵离子形式存在的氮，是水体富营养化控制与污水脱氮工艺的核心指标。在线测量常用纳氏试剂法、水杨酸法或氨气敏电极法。Nitrogen present as free ammonia and ammonium ion; a core parameter for eutrophication control and nitrogen removal. Online methods include Nessler reagent, salicylic acid and ammonia gas-sensing electrode methods.

水中各种形态无机氮与有机氮的总量，是污水处理达标排放的重要控制指标，通常需经消解后测定。The total of all inorganic and organic nitrogen forms in water; an important discharge compliance parameter, normally determined after digestion.

水中各种形态磷的总量，是控制水体富营养化的关键指标，在线测量通常需消解后比色测定。The total of all phosphorus forms in water; a key eutrophication control parameter, normally determined colorimetrically after digestion.

加氯消毒后水中剩余的氯量，分为游离性余氯、化合性余氯与总氯。是饮用水与泳池水消毒效果的核心控制指标。The chlorine remaining in water after disinfection, divided into free, combined and total residual chlorine. It is the core control parameter for drinking water and pool disinfection.

以次氯酸与次氯酸根形式存在的余氯，消毒能力强，是通常关注的消毒指标。次氯酸与次氯酸根的比例受 pH 影响。Residual chlorine present as hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite, with strong disinfection power and normally the parameter of interest. The ratio between the two forms is governed by pH.

氯与水中氨氮反应生成的氯胺类余氯，消毒能力较弱，是产生氯味刺激的主要原因。Chloramines formed when chlorine reacts with ammonia; weaker disinfecting power and the main cause of chlorinous odour and irritation.

一种强氧化性消毒剂，常用于饮用水消毒与管网抑菌，通常需要现场发生或投加稳定液，测量方法与余氯不同。A strong oxidising disinfectant used for drinking water and distribution-network control. It is usually generated on site or dosed as a stabilised solution, and its measurement differs from that of residual chlorine.

强氧化剂，用于饮用水消毒、脱色与除味，需现场制备，残余臭氧需监测与控制。A strong oxidant used for drinking-water disinfection, decolourisation and taste and odour control. It is generated on site and residual ozone must be monitored and controlled.

曝气池混合液中悬浮固体的质量浓度，是活性污泥法的核心控制参数，常见控制区间约 2000 至 4000 mg/L。在线测量多用光学法，需以重量法比对标定。The mass concentration of suspended solids in the aeration tank mixed liquor, the core control parameter of the activated sludge process, commonly held between about 2,000 and 4,000 mg/L. Online measurement is usually optical and must be calibrated against gravimetric analysis.

混合液悬浮固体中可在高温下挥发的部分，近似代表活性微生物量。MLVSS 与 MLSS 的比值反映污泥的活性成分占比。The fraction of mixed liquor suspended solids that volatilises at high temperature, approximately representing the active microbial mass. The MLVSS to MLSS ratio indicates the active fraction of the sludge.

1 克干污泥经 30 分钟沉降后所占的体积，用于判断活性污泥的沉降性能与是否发生污泥膨胀。The volume occupied by one gram of dry sludge after 30 minutes of settling; used to judge the settling properties of activated sludge and to detect bulking.

混合液在量筒中静置 30 分钟后污泥所占的体积百分比，是运行现场快速判断污泥沉降性的常用指标。The percentage of sludge volume after 30 minutes of settling in a graduated cylinder - a quick field indicator of sludge settleability.

单位时间内产生污泥中干固体的质量，是污泥脱水设备选型的首要依据。常用算法为处理水量乘以进出水悬浮物差值再除以 1000。The mass of dry solids produced per unit time, the primary basis for sizing dewatering equipment. A common calculation is flow multiplied by the difference between inlet and outlet suspended solids, divided by 1,000.

脱水后泥饼中水分所占的质量百分比，是衡量脱水效果的核心指标。常见目标约 75% 至 85%，具体取决于工艺要求与污泥性质。The mass percentage of water in the dewatered cake, the core indicator of dewatering performance. A common target is about 75% to 85%, depending on process requirements and sludge character.

高分子絮凝剂，污泥脱水常用阳离子型，通过电荷中和与架桥作用使污泥颗粒形成絮团。关键选型指标为离子度与分子量。A polymeric flocculant; cationic grades are standard for sludge dewatering, forming flocs by charge neutralisation and bridging. The key selection parameters are charge density and molecular weight.

阳离子 PAM 分子链上阳离子基团的占比，影响电荷中和能力。污泥性质不同所需离子度不同，应通过烧杯实验确定。The proportion of cationic groups on the cationic PAM molecular chain, governing charge neutralisation. Different sludges need different charge densities, determined by jar testing.

水样在 254 nm 波长处的紫外吸收值，常用于间接反映水中有机物含量，是 UV 法 COD 测量的基础信号，需浊度补偿。The UV absorbance of a sample at 254 nm, commonly used as an indirect indicator of organic content. It is the basis of UV-method COD measurement and requires turbidity compensation.

在高温与强氧化条件下把水中有机物或结合态污染物氧化分解的前处理过程，是湿化学法 COD、总氮、总磷测量的关键步骤，消解温度与时间按方法标准执行。A pre-treatment step in which organic or bound pollutants are oxidised at high temperature under strongly oxidising conditions. It is the key step in wet-chemical COD, total nitrogen and total phosphorus measurement, and digestion temperature and time follow the standard method.

通过显色反应后测定特定波长吸光度来定量的方法。广泛应用于 COD、氨氮、总磷、余氯等指标的实验室与在线分析。A quantitative method that measures absorbance at a specific wavelength after a colour-forming reaction. Widely used in laboratory and online analysis of COD, ammonia, total phosphorus and residual chlorine.

利用离子选择电极或气体敏感电极产生的电位或电流信号进行测量的方法，如 pH 电极、氨气敏电极、覆膜余氯电极。A method using the potential or current produced by an ion-selective or gas-sensing electrode, such as pH electrodes, ammonia gas-sensing electrodes and membrane-covered chlorine electrodes.

利用氧分子对荧光物质的猝灭效应测量溶解氧的方法，不消耗氧、无需流速、无需极化，维护量小，需定期更换荧光帽。A method based on the quenching of a fluorescent dye by oxygen. It consumes no oxygen, needs no flow and no polarisation, requires little maintenance, and the cap is replaced periodically.

氧气透过选择性膜在电极上被还原产生电流的测量方法，需水样流动、需极化、需定期更换电解液与膜帽。A method in which oxygen diffuses through a selective membrane and is reduced at the electrode, generating current. It requires sample flow and polarisation, and periodic replacement of electrolyte and membrane cap.

用已知浓度的标准物质确定仪表输入与输出对应关系的操作，通常包含零点标定与量程标定。标定结果需记录，标定周期按仪表要求与工况确定。The operation of establishing the input-output relationship of an instrument using standards of known concentration, normally covering zero and span. Results should be recorded and the interval set by the instrument requirements and duty.

pH 电极的实际响应与理论响应之比。25℃ 时理论值约 59.16 mV/pH，正常电极斜率约 95% 至 105%，明显偏低说明电极老化或污染。The ratio of a pH electrode's actual response to the theoretical response. The theoretical value at 25 C is about 59.16 mV per pH unit; a healthy electrode reads about 95% to 105%, and a clearly lower value indicates ageing or fouling.

仪表在输入量保持不变时零点读数随时间发生的变化，是判断仪表稳定性的重要指标，漂移过大通常提示需要标定或维护。The change in zero reading over time while the input stays constant. It is an important stability indicator, and excessive drift usually means calibration or maintenance is due.

补偿温度对测量结果影响的功能。pH、电导率、溶解氧等测量均需温度补偿，手动补偿需输入实测温度，自动补偿需配套温度传感器。A function that compensates for the effect of temperature on the result. pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen all need it: manual compensation requires entering the measured temperature, automatic compensation requires a temperature sensor.

仪表探头通过机械刮刷、压缩空气吹扫或超声波等方式自动清除表面附着物的功能，可显著降低污染工况下的维护频次。A function in which the probe removes deposits automatically by mechanical wiper, compressed-air blast or ultrasound, greatly reducing maintenance frequency in fouling duties.

由固定环与游动环交替层叠构成滤筒、由螺旋轴推进挤压实现连续脱水的设备。游动环的偏心运动实现自清洗，因此不易堵塞，可直接处理较低浓度的污泥。A machine in which a filter cylinder of alternating fixed and moving rings is combined with a screw shaft that conveys and compresses sludge continuously. The eccentric motion of the moving rings self-cleans, so it resists clogging and can treat relatively low-concentration sludge directly.

叠螺式污泥脱水机出泥端的调节部件，通过改变间隙影响泥饼所受压力，是调节泥饼含水率与出泥状态的主要手段之一。The adjustable component at the discharge end of a screw-press dehydrator. Changing its gap alters the pressure on the cake and is one of the main ways to tune cake moisture and discharge behaviour.

基于法拉第电磁感应定律测量导电液体流量的仪表。要求被测液体具有一定电导率且管道满管，无阻流部件、无压力损失。衬里与电极材质需按介质腐蚀性选择。A meter that measures the flow of conductive liquids using Faraday's law. The liquid must have sufficient conductivity and the pipe must be full; there is no obstruction and no pressure loss. Liner and electrode materials are chosen for the corrosiveness of the medium.

非接触式液位测量仪表，发射超声波并测量回波时间换算距离。安装简单、维护量小，但受泡沫、蒸汽、粉尘影响，并存在盲区。A non-contact level instrument that emits ultrasound and converts echo time into distance. Simple to install and low maintenance, but affected by foam, steam and dust, and it has a blanking zone.

发射微波并接收液面回波的液位测量仪表，常见 26 GHz 与 80 GHz 频段。不受蒸汽、泡沫与真空影响，可用于高温高压，但成本较高。A level instrument that emits microwaves and receives the echo from the surface; 26 GHz and 80 GHz bands are common. Unaffected by steam, foam or vacuum and usable at high temperature and pressure, but more expensive.

工业标准模拟电流信号，4 mA 对应零点、20 mA 对应满量程。抗干扰能力强，且可用 0 mA 识别断线故障。二线制还可通过同一对导线为仪表供电。The industrial standard analogue current signal, with 4 mA as zero and 20 mA as full scale. It has good noise immunity, and 0 mA reveals a broken loop. Two-wire versions also power the instrument over the same pair.

两根导线同时承担供电与信号传输的接线方式，布线成本最低，但仪表功耗受回路限制，功耗较大的仪表需采用三线制或四线制。A wiring method in which two conductors carry both power and signal. Wiring cost is lowest, but instrument power is limited by the loop; higher-consumption instruments need three-wire or four-wire connections.

工业现场常用的串行通信物理层与协议，支持多点组网与较长距离传输。布线应采用手拉手方式、两端加终端电阻，所有节点的波特率与校验参数必须一致。A widely used serial physical layer and protocol in industry, supporting multi-drop networks and long distances. Wire it as a daisy chain with terminating resistors at both ends, and keep baud rate and parity identical on every node.

外壳防固体异物与防水能力的分级代码。第一位表示防尘等级（5 防尘、6 尘密），第二位表示防水等级（4 防溅、5 防喷、6 强喷、7 短时浸水、8 持续浸水）。户外常用 IP66 或 IP67。A code for enclosure protection against solids and water. The first digit is dust protection (5 dust-protected, 6 dust-tight); the second is water protection (4 splashing, 5 jets, 6 powerful jets, 7 temporary immersion, 8 continuous immersion). IP66 or IP67 is common outdoors.

爆炸性环境中所用设备的保护型式与等级标识。常见型式有隔爆型 Ex d、本质安全型 Ex ia / Ex ib、增安型 Ex e；还需核对气体组别（IIA、IIB、IIC）与温度组别（T1 至 T6）。The marking of protection type and level for equipment used in explosive atmospheres. Common types are flameproof Ex d, intrinsic safety Ex ia / Ex ib and increased safety Ex e; the gas group (IIA, IIB, IIC) and temperature class (T1 to T6) must also be checked.